4.7 Energy efficiency

The producers carried 100 kj.
Only 10 % of energy is transferred to the next trophic level.

This is because ....
The consumer must carry out respiration -> (90 %) energy lost which is the undigested material form by the plant cellulose.
The secondary consumer will only get 1 %. Energy will be lost the same way as the primary consumer.

4.6 Energy and Substances in Food chains

Energy and substances transfer along the food chain from producer to the tertiary consumer. Producer transfering light energy to chemical energy.
Organic Molecules - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids

These will be bond between carbon Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen.  Bonds represent energy. These are the substances.

4.5 Food chain and Food Web

Food chains shows  the consumers ( primary, first, second and third). They show the flow of matter and energy.

Food web provide description of ecosystem. This is the interacting of the community.
This interactionf is feeding. This shows the interaction of different trophic levels.

The consequences are
1. Multiple predators
2. Multiple Prey
3. Linked

4.4 Trophic Levels

Trophic = feed

Photosynthesis -> Herbivore->Carnivore->Top Carnivore

Producer ( light energy to Chemical energy) -> Primary consumer ( Chemical energy to Chemical energy) -> Secondary Consumer ( Chemical energy) ->Tertiary Consumer ( Chemical energy to Chemical energy)

All of these organism will die and will broken down by decomposers eg. by fungi or bacteria . These will be broken down into nitrates and phosphates.

4.3 Quadrates Samples

the population of daisy in the habitat


Sample
 - Random (No Bias)

-Representative ( large enough as possible to the real one)
make table and add up the number of daisies per Quadrates
= number of daisies per m2
using this technique we can compare the number of daisies in different areas

4.2 Quadrates

Quadrates is a method of sampling different areas so that population can be compare in different location. 

Quadrating will take sample from an area and count the number of individuals in the area. This will be repeated number of times - for the estimate of the population size.

4.1 Ecosystem

Ecosystem is a community of organism in a particular habitat. Community is made up of different population  of the different species interacting within that habitat.